Institute of Integrated Mineral Development — IPKON, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia:
D. R. Kaplunov, Chief Researcher, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, kapdan@rambler.ru
D. N. Radchenko, Senior Researcher, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, mining_expert@mail.ru

Voids formed through mineral mining are the essential georsource to be used efficiently based on wellfounded approaches. Mined-out areas of open pit and underground mines are used extensively, although, only for burial and storage of waste. Hybrid mining based on an integrated development approach offers manifold possibilities for utilizing mined-out areas. Modeling of combinations of geotechnologies as mining undergoes expanding has identified various functional areas for mined-out voids at different stages of complete integrated mining cycle. The shape of future mined-out voids, their support design and life period should be determined with regard to implementation of the consequent technological processes. Planning of a complete integrated cycle in hard mineral mining requires the modified approaches to using mined-out areas in conformity with the list of physico-technical and physicochemical technologies in operation. Depending on the structure of the complete cycle, mined-out voids should functionate both during and after mining. Waste disposal should only be considered the final stage of mined-out area utilization. The classification of the mining systems presented in the article enables determining scenarios and sequences of multipurpose use of mined-out voids at various stages of mineral mining. In other words, the complete integrated mining cycle design requires finding solutions to ensure operation of mined-out voids as actual rather than potential underground resource. When planning proposed mining systems, it is necessary to determine methods to maintain mined-out voids and to develop a relevant package plan, including gas-, hydro- and geomechanical control; maintenance of size and geometry of mined-out voids for the entire operation cycle until its final stage of waste disposal; creation of conditions for sequential transition between functions of mined-out voids in the course of mining.
This study has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. Grant No. 15-05-07771-а).

1. Umnov V. A. Ispolzovanie podzemnogo vyrabotannogo prostranstva i okruzhayushchaya sreda (Underground waste area using and environment). Gornyy informatsionno-analiticheskiy byulleten = Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin. 1995. No. 3. pp. 88–92.
2. Gornaya entsiklopediya (Mining encyclopaedia). Moscow : Publishing House «Soviet encyclopedia», 1984. Vol. 1. p. 460. (in Russian)
3. Agoshkov M. I. Razvitie idey i praktiki kompleksnogo osvoeniya nedr (Development of ideas and practice of complex soil mastering). Gornyi Zhurnal = Mining Journal. 1984. No. 3. pp. 3–6.
4. Trubetskoy K. N., Peshkov A. A., Matsko N. A. Klassifikatsiya sposobov formirovaniya i ispolzovaniya vyrabotannogo karernogo prostranstva (Classification of methods of pit waste area formation and use). Resursosberegayushchie tekhnologii otkrytoy razrabotki mestorozhdeniy (Resource-saving technologies of open-cast mining of deposits). Responsible editor: K. N. Trubetskoy. Moscow : Research Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources, 1992. pp. 5–19.
5. Trubetskoy K. N., Peshkov A. A., Matsko N. A. Opredelenie oblasti primeneniya sposobov razrabotki krutopadayushchikh zalezhey s ispolzovaniem zaranee sformirovannogo vyrabotannogo prostranstva (Finding the area of application of methods of steep-grade deposit mining using earlier formed waste area). Gornyi Zhurnal = Mining Journal. 1994. No. 1. pp. 51–59.
6. Gavrishev S. E., Zalyadnov V. Yu., Pytalev I. A., Pavlova E. V. Opredelenie priemnoy emkosti vyrabotannogo prostranstva karerov pri razmeshchenii promyshlennykh otkhodov razlichnogo klassa opasnosti (Finding the open pit waste receiver tank during placing industrial wastes with various hazard class). Gornyy informatsionno-analiticheskiy byulleten = Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin. 2014. No. 4. pp. 129–133.
7. Gavrishev S. E., Kornilov S. N., Melnikov I. T., Pytalev I. A. Formirovanie i osvoenie gornotekhnicheskikh sooruzheniy pri otkrytoy razrabotke mestorozhdeniy poleznykh iskopaemykh s tselyu ekologicheski bezopasnogo razmeshcheniya promyshlennykh otkhodov (Formation and mastering of mineengineering facilities with open-cast mining of mineral deposits for the purpose of ecologically safe placing of industrial wastes). Gornyy informatsionno-analiticheskiy byulleten = Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin. 2014. No. 6. pp. 56–66.
8. Gavrishev S. E., Zalyadnov V. Yu., Pytalev I. A. et al. Otsenka vozmozhnosti ispolzovaniya vyrabotannogo karernogo prostranstva s tselyu razmeshcheniya promyshlennykh otkhodov (na primere ryada karerov Yuzhnogo Urala) (Assessment of possibility of open pit waste area using for the purpose of industrial waste placing (on example of Southern Urals open pits). Aktualnye problemy sovremennoy nauki, tekhniki, obrazovaniya : sbornik trudov (Urgent problems of modern science, technics, education: collection of proceedings). 2011. No. 1. pp. 3–6.
9. Sakantsev G. G. Resursosberegayushchie tekhnologii pri razrabotke rudnykh mestorozhdeniy s ispolzovaniem vyrabotannogo prostranstva (Resource-saving technologies during ore depsoit mining using waste area). Gornyy informatsionno-analiticheskiy byulleten = Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin. 2008. No. 8. pp. 226–234.
10. Chapman N., Hooper A. The disposal of radioactive wastes underground. Proceedings of the geologists association. 2012. Vol. 123, Iss. 1. pp. 46–63.
11. Huang Y. L., Zhang J. X., Zhang Q., Nie S. J. Backfi lling technology of substituting waste and fly ash for coal underground in china coal mining area. Environmental engineering and management journal. 2011. Vol. 10, Iss. 6. pp. 769–775.
12. Kazakov V. B. Metodicheskie osnovy ekologo-ekonomicheskoy otsenki razmeshcheniya otkhodov v vyrabotannom prostranstve shakht (Methodical basis of ecological-economic assessment of waste placing in mine waste area). Gornyy informatsionno-analiticheskiy byulleten = Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin. 2012. No. 1. pp. 363–366.
13. Printsipy razrabotki, tipizatsii i klassifi katsii tekhnologicheskikh skhem kompleksnogo osvoeniya krupnykh rudnykh mestorozhdeniy (Principles of mining, typifi cation and classification of process flowsheets of complex mastering of large ore deposits). Problemy kompleksnogo osvoeniya superkrupnykh mestorozhdeniy strategicheskogo syrya (Problems of complex mastering of super-large strategic raw material deposits). Under the editorship of K. N. Trubetskoy, D. R. Kaplunov. Moscow : Research Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources, 2006. 486 p.
14. Available at: http://www.iscgroup.ru/index.php?go=Files&fi le=down&id=323 (in Russian)
15. Kaplunov D. R., Radchenko D. N. Obosnovanie polnogo tsikla kompleksnogo osvoeniya nedr pri razrabotke mestorozhdeniy tverdykh poleznykh iskopaemykh (Substantiation of the complete cycle of complex subsoil mastering during the solid mineral deposits mining). Gornyy informatsionno-analiticheskiy byulleten = Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin. 2011. No. S1. pp. 447–455.
16. Peila D., Pelizza S. Civil Reuses of Underground Mine Openings: a Summary of International Experience. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 1995. Vol. 10, No. 2. pp. 179–191.
17. Gentile R. J. Geology and utilization of underground space in metropolitan Kansas City area, USA. Environmental Geology. 1997. Vol. 29 (½). pp. 11–16.
18. He L., Song Y., Dai S. Z., Durbak K. Quantitative research on the capacity of urban underground space. Tunnelling and underground space technology. 2012. Vol. 32. pp. 168–179.
19. Yang X. B., Chen Z. L., Cai H., Ma L. J. A Framework for Assessment of the Infl uence of China's Urban Underground Space Developments on the Urban Microclimate. Sustainability. 2014. No. 6. pp. 8536– 8566.
20. Benardos A., Athanasiadis I., Katsoulakos N. Modern earth sheltered constructions: A paradigm of green engineering. Tunnelling and underground space technology. 2014. Vol. 41. pp. 46–52.
21. Kartoziya B. A., Korchak A. V., Levchenko A. N. Problemy metodologii i praktiki osvoeniya podzemnogo prostranstva megapolisov (Theoretical and practical problems of subsoil development under megacities). Gornyi Zhurnal = Mining Journal. 2014. No. 9. pp. 60–64.
22. Hall A., Scott J. A., Shang H. Geothermal energy recovery from underground mines. Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. 2011. Vol. 15, Iss. 2. pp. 916–924.
23. Ma H. L., Yang C. H., Li Y. P. and others. Stability evaluation of the underground gas storage in rock salts based on new partitions of the surrounding rock. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2015. Vol. 73, Iss. 11. pp. 6911–6295.
24. Kaplunov D. R., Kalmykov V. N., Rylnikova M. V. Kombinirovannaya geotekhnologiya (Combined geotechnology). Moscow «Ore and Metals» Publishing House, 2003. pp. 316–318.
25. Mikhaylov A. G. Otkrytaya razrabotka mestorozhdeniy s odnovremennym ispolzovaniem vyrabotannogo prostranstva i gidrologicheskogo resursa depressionnoy voronki (Open-cast mining of deposits with simultaneous using of waste area and hydrological resource of depression cone). Gornyy informatsionno-analiticheskiy byulleten = Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin. 2007. No. 5. pp. 272–276.
26. Zakalinskiy V. M., Frantov A. E. K voprosu opredeleniya parametrov burovzryvnykh rabot pri dorabotke zapasov rudnykh mestorozhdeniy pod dnom karera (About the defi nition of drilling and blasting operation parameters during the cleaning-up ore deposit reserves under the pit bottom). Vzryvnoe delo = Explosion technology. 2013. No. 109-66. pp. 147–160.
27. Trubetskoy K. N., Kaplunov D. R., Rylnikova M. V., Radchenko D. N. New approaches to designing resourcereproducing technologies for comprehensive extraction of ore. Journal of Mining Science. 2011. Vol. 47, No. 3. pp. 317–323.
28. Kaplunov D. R., Rylnikova M. V., Radchenko D. N., Korneev Yu. V. Peredvizhnye zakladochnye kompleksy v sistemakh razrabotki rudnykh mestorozhdeniy s zakladkoy vyrabotannykh prostranstv (Mobile stowing complexes in the systems of development of ore deposits with mined-out areas stowing). Gornyi Zhurnal = Mining Journal. 2013. No. 2. pp. 101–104.
29. Zoteev O. V., Kalmykov V. N., Gogotin A. A., Prodanov A. N. Osnovnye polozheniya metodiki vybora tekhnologii skladirovaniya otkhodov obogashcheniya rud v podrabotannykh podzemnymi rudnikami karerakh i zonakh obrusheniya (Framework of procedure to select technology of ore processing waste storage in undermined open pits and caving zones). Gornyi Zhurnal = Mining Journal. 2015. No. 11. pp. 57–61.
30. Kadastr podzemnykh vyrabotok na territorii Respubliki Sakha (Yakutiya), prigodnykh k povtornomu ispolzovaniyu dlya tseleĭ , ne svyazannykh s gornym proizvodstvom (Underground mine land-survey on the territory of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), suitable for the second use, for the purposes, not connected with mining). Institute of Mining of the North (Siberian Department, Russian Academy of Sciences), State Emergency Situations Comittee of Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Yakutia District of the State Technical Supervision Body of Russia. Moscow, 1998. 56 p. (in Russian).
31. Kiselev V. V., Khokholov Yu. A., Kaymonov M. V. Ispolzovanie gornykh tekhnologiy i vyrabotannogo prostranstva rudnikov kriolitozony dlya zakhoroneniya tverdykh radioaktivnykh otkhodov (Using mine technologies and cryolitic zone mine waste area for the burial of solid radioactive wastes). Gornyy informatsionno-analiticheskiy byulleten = Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin. 2006. No. 3. pp. 129–134.
32. Pytalev A. I., Kozlovskiy A. A., Gaponova I. V. Ispolzovanie karerov i otvalov dlya razmeshcheniya tverdykh bytovykh otkhodov (Using open pits and dumps for solid domestic waste placing). Izvestiya vuzov. Gornyy zhurnal = News of the Higher Institutions. Mining Journal. 2013. No. 5. pp. 43–48.
33. Kosolapov A. I., Ptashnik Yu. P., Ptashnik A. I. Perspektivy ispolzovaniya vyrabotannykh prostranstv karerov dlya razmeshcheniya predpriyatiy zhizneobespecheniya krupnykh gorodov (Prospects of open pit waste area using for placing of metropolis life support enterprises). Gornyy informatsionno-analiticheskiy byulleten = Mining Informational and Analytical Bulletin. 2013. No. 3. pp. 83–86.