Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources, Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia):

Chekushina T. V., Leading Researcher, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor, council-ras@bk.ru

Atyrau University of Oil and Gas (Atyrau, Republic of Kazakhstan):
Vorobyev A. E., Vice-Rector, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Professor, fogel_al@mail.ru

Ukrainian Research and Design Insitute for Industrial Technology (Zholtye Vody, Ukraine):
Lyashenko V. I., Head of Department, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Senior Scientist Researcher, vilyashenko2017@gmail.com

Academy of Engineering, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (Moscow, Russia):
Tcharo Kh., Assistant, honoretcharo@yahoo.com

This paper describes the methods of comprehensive generalization, analysis, and evaluation of practical experience and scientific achievements in the field of geotechnology and heap leaching (HL) of metals from raw ore on the daylight surface, taking into account the climatic factors that adversely affect HL processes, irrigation, the condition of ore stacks and the collecting capacity for pregnant and barren solutions in the evaporation of process solutions. Mathematical statistics and research data on respective standard and new methods are presented. It is confirmed that the ratio between the percentage of evaporation y and the wind speed x varies in the direct relationship of y = (a/x+b)+c, where a, b, and c are the coefficients characterizing the change in the ratios between the percentage of evaporation and the climatic data of the tropical area. Evaporation was shown to be more pronounced in the dry areas of Africa, where the daily summer temperature is above 50 °C (where the annual rainfall may be up to 100–200 mm). Direct irrigation sprinkler losses may reach 60 % of the total volume of the process solution pumped. When using pond irrigation, thermal exposure may lead to the daily evaporation of 5–13 mm of the solutions from the pond. The evaporation rate will be slightly less (1–4 %) when using drip irrigation. The effect of wind is especially pronounced when using the sprinkler irrigation technology in HL. It has been established that the active leaching area may be up to 40 % of the total precipitation collection area when the amount of precipitation in the water balance is 2.5 m³ per year. With increasing precipitation and lower evaporation rates, as well as to minimize respective losses, it is recommended to cover the side slopes with plastic.

1. Lyashenko V. I., Kislyy P. A., Dyatchin V. Z. Radiometric sorting of uranium ores. Obogashchenie Rud. 2015. No. 1. pp. 3–10.
2. Samusev A. L., Minenko V. G. Influence of chemicalelectrochemical leaching parameters on gold recovery from rebellious minerals. Gorny Informatsionno-Analiticheskiy Byulleten. 2016. No. 5. pp. 301–308.
3. Chanturia V. A. Scientific substantiation and development of innovative approaches to integrated mineral processing. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2017. No. 11. pp. 7–13. DOI: 10.17580/gzh.2017.11.01.
4. Golik V. I., Razorenov Yu. I., Lyashenko V. I. Conditions of leaching non-ferrous metals from noncommercial reserves. Izvestiya Tomskogo Politekhnicheskogo Universiteta. Inzhiniring Georesursov. 2018. Vol. 329, No. 6. pp. 6–16.
5. Borovkov Yu. A., Yakshibaev T. M. Theoretical studies of changes in fracture zones radius in the ore pile of heap leaching with camouflet blasthole charge explosion. Izvestiya Vuzov. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2019. No. 5. pp. 30–36. DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2019-5-30-36.
6. Blake K. Stress analysis for boreholes on department of defense lands in the western united states: a study in stress heterogeneity. Proc. of the 38^th workshop on geothermal reservoir engineering. Stanford : Stanford University, 2013. 12 p. URL: https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/SGW/2013/Blake.pdf (accessed: 25.09.2019).
7. Reiter K., Heidbach O. 3–D geomechanical–numerical model of the contemporary crustal stress state in the Alberta Basin (Canada). Solid Earth. 2014. No. 5. pp. 1123–1149.
8. Harris J. M., Roach B. Environmental and natural resource economics. A contemporary approach. 3rd ed. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2013. 584 р.
9. Freeman A. M., Herriges J. A., Kling C. L. The measurement of environmental and resource values. Theory and methods. 3rd ed. New York: RFF Press, 2014. 460 р.
10. Scheffel R. E., Miller G. Minimizing acid consumption in mixed oxide/supergene and sulphide heap leaches. Proc. of the 3^rd International conference on heap leach solutions, Reno, Nevada, USA, 14–16 September 2015. pp. 97–110.
11. Golik V., Komashchenko V., Morkun V. Innovative technologies of metal extraction from the ore processing mill tailings and their integrated use. Metallurgical and Mining Industry. 2015. No. 3. pp. 49–52.
12. Matthews T. Dilution and ore loss projections: Strategies and considerations. 2015 SME annual conference & expo and CMA 117^th National western mining conference. Mining: Navigating the global waters. Denver, Colorado, USA, 15–18 February 2015. pp. 529–532.
13. Capilla A. V., Delgado A. V. Thanatia: The destiny of the earth's mineral resources. A Thermodynamic cradle-tocradle assessment. London: World Scientific, 2015. 672 р.
14. Kappes D. W. Precious metal heap leach design and practice. URL: http://ore-max.com/pdfs/resources/precious_metal_heap_leach_design_and_practice.pdf (accessed: 23.09.2019).
15. Zazueta F. S. Evaporation loss during sprinkler irrigation. URL: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/AE/AE04800.pdf (accessed: 24.09.2019).
16. Karamushka V. P., Kamnev Е. N., Kuzin R. Z. Reclamation of uranium ore mining and processing facilities. Мoscow: Gornaya Kniga, 2014. 183 p.
17. Vorobyev А. Е., Chekushina Т. V., Tcharo О., Vorobyev К. А. The problem of evaporation of technological solutions in heap leaching plants. Current trends and innovations in science and industry: Proc. of the VIII International scientific andpractical conference, 03–04 April 2019, Mezhdurechensk. pp. 109.1–109.5.