Sergeev Institute of Geoecology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia:

V. M. Makeev, Head of Laboratory, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, vmakeev@mail.ru
E. A. Karfidova, Head of Laboratory, Candidate of Geographic Sciences
I. M. Kravchenko, Junior Researcher

Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia:

S. D. Balykova, Senior Researcher, Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences

With a view to geological and environmental safety of the central area of the Upper Kama Potassium–Magnesium Salt Deposit, the engineering-geological zoning is performed to identify karst-sensitive land. The zoning is based on two most fundamental factors: hydrogeology and neotectonics. Evaluation of the first factor consisted in determining the thicknesses of suprasalt deposits and the size of fresh groundwater zone by analyzing the data of exploration wells and other geological and hydrogeological materials, as well as calculating the thickness of the separating stratum corresponding to the interval of deposits from the top of the salt stratum to the lower boundary of the zone of fresh groundwater. The analysis of the second, neotectonic, factor was associated with the identification of increased fracturing zones in rock mass based on the grouping of faults and lineaments obtained from the interpretation of cosmic and aerial photographs, as well as from the construction and analysis of digital elevation models during field route observations. The comparison of two factors made it possible to zone the territory of research into areas with different degrees of protection of the salt stratum from the potential development of karst: high, medium and low. Within the areas with a low degree of protection, the further detailed studies of the hydrodynamic regime of groundwater and their interaction with the host rocks are necessary. The described method of engineering-geological zoning can find application to provide natural and technological safety in underground mining areas. The results obtained can be used in design of systems of special-purpose geodetic and hydrogeological monitoring.
The research was carried out under the state contract, Topic No. AAAA-A19-119021190076-9.

1. Aplonov V. S., Aristarov M. G., Gemp S. D., Dzhinoridze N. M., Drogomiretskiy D. I. et al. Petrotectonic fundamentals of safe operation at the Upper Kama Potassium–Magnesium Salt Deposit. Saint-Petersburg–Solikamsk, 2000. 400 p.
2. Kudryashov A. I. Verkhnekamskoe salt deposit. 2nd enlarged edition. Moscow : Epsilon Plyus, 2013. 368 p.
3. Hao Li, Haibo Bai, Jianjun Wu, Huiming Zhao, Kai Ma. A method for prevent water inrush from karst collapse column: A case study from Sima mine, China. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2017. Vol. 76, Iss. 14. 493. DOI: 10.1007/s12665-017-6831-2
4. Parise M., Closson D., Gutiérrez F., Stevanović Z. Anticipating and managing engineering problems in the complex karst environment. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2015. Vol. 74, Iss. 12. P. 7823–7835.
5. Karfidova E. A., Kravchenko I. M., Makeev V. M. Development of methods of evaluation of surface runoff on an example of the territory of Verkhnekamsk deposit of potassium and magnesium salts. Razvedka i okhrana nedr. 2019. No. 5. pp. 42–49.
6. Osipov V. I., Baryakh A. A., Sanfirov I. A., Mamaev Yu. A., Yastrebov A. A. Hydrogeomechanical conditions of karst sinkhole formation in the area of potassium mines in Bereznyaki town, Perm Krai. Geoekologiya. Inzhenernaya geologiya, gidrogeologiya, geokriologiya. 2016. No. 2. pp. 142–148.
7. Yastrebov A. A., Mamaev Yu. A., Ivanov Yu. K. Hydrogeochemical features of groundwater distribution in Solikamsk Region, Perm Krai. Geoekologiya. Inzhenernaya geologiya, gidrogeologiya, geokriologiya. 2018. No. 3. pp. 65–71.
8. Solovev V. A., Sekuntsov A. I. Potash mining : Practical course. Perm : Izdatelstvo Permskogo natsionalnogo issledovatelskogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta, 2013. 265 p.

9. Mamaev Yu. A., Yastrebov A. A. Formation and structure of hypergenesis zone in the above-salt layer of the Verkhnekamskoe potassium salt deposit, Perm Krai, Russia. Geoekologiya. Inzhenernaya geologiya, gidrogeologiya, geokriologiya. 2019. No. 2. pp. 30–37.
10. Trapeznikov D. E. Salt deposits of the Ufimian Formation in the Solikamsk depression. Litosfera. 2018. Vol. 18, No. 2. pp. 223–234.
11. Makeev V. M., Makarova N. V., Dorozhko A. L., Sukhanova T. V., Korobova I. V. et al. Neotectonics and Modern Geodynamics of Verkhnekamskoe Potash Salt Deposit. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Geologiya. 2017. Vol. 16, No. 4. pp. 354–369.
12. Gnanachandrasamy G., Yongzhang Zhou, Bagyaraj M., Venkatramanan S., Ramkumar T. et al. Remote Sensing and GIS Based Groundwater Potential Zone Mapping in Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Geological Society of India. 2018. Vol. 92, Iss. 4. pp. 484–490.
13. Sikakwe G. U. GIS-based model of groundwater occurrence using geological and hydrogeological data in Precambrian Oban Massif southeastern Nigeria. Applied Water Science. 2018. Vol. 8, Iss. 3. 79. DOI: 10.1007/s13201-018-0700-3
14. Chaykovskiy I. I. Type design of the main salt tectonics mechanisms in the world : The Upper Kama Deposit as a Reference Model of Multi-Stage Gravity Sliding. Vestnik Permskogo nauchnogo tsentra UrO RAN. 2013. No. 1. pp. 18–37.
15. Jahani S., Hassanpour J., Mohammadi-Firouz S., Letouzey J., Frizon de Lamotte D. et al. Salt tectonics and tear fa ulting in the central part of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt, Iran. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 2017. Vol. 86. pp. 426–446.