| Реферат |
При использовании технологий CIP (уголь в пульпе) и RIP (смола в пульпе) для извлечения тяжелых цветных, редких, благородных и радиоактивных металлов ключевым фактором, обусловливающим приемлемые экономические показатели, является износ адсорбентов вследствие истирания и осмотического «шока». В настоящее время в мире с помощью CIP-технологии получают более 50 % золота. Обследование зарубежных горно-металлургических комбинатов позволило установить, что на каждом заводе, применяющем угольную сорбцию золота, потери активного угля, содержащего 0,11–0,14 кг/т Au, составляют около 2 тыс. т/год. Для извлечения золота из «отвального» угля предложены термо обработка, электрохимические и флотационные методы. Непрерывный процесс ионообменной сорбции урана из пульп (после отделения песковой фракции), основой которого являются пачуки со встроенным грохотом, используют во многих странах, включая ЮАР, США, Австралию, Россию и Узбекистан. Смолы гелевой структуры менее устойчивы к осмотическим воздействиям, в то время как макропористые смолы более устойчивы к химической обработке, однако высокая пористость снижает их устойчивость к физическому истиранию. В настоящее время основные поставщики смол («Пьюролайт», «Ром энд Хаас», «Доу» и «Леватит») улучшили качество RIP-смол, предназначенных для применения в гидрометаллургии урана. Годовой износ этих смол обычно не превышает 5 %. Для извлечения мелких частиц хелатирующей смолы предложено использовать пенную флотацию, а для регенерации содержащегося в ней золота — обработку сверхкритической жидкостью. |
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