Chersky Institute of Mining of the North, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Russia

Yu. A. Khokholov, Leading Researcher, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, khokholov@igds.ysn.ru
V. V. Kiselev, Senior Researcher, Candidate of Engineering Sciences
D. E. Soloviev, Senior Researcher, Candidate of Engineering Sciences

Mirny Polytechnic Institute–Division of the Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Mirny, Russia
S. N. Shabaganova, Associate Professor, Candidate of Engineering Sciences

The article presents the rational design patterns and calculated durations for the construction of a wanted-thickness ice cluster by layer-by-layer water fill in minedout pits in the permafrost zone with a view to creating a manmade lake of process water above the layer of pit wall slides. The manmade ice cluster of the wanted thickness is meant for placement of drilling equipment and freezing facilities for freezing watercut slides toward construction of a frozen wall of high load-bearing capacity. The experience gained in construction of different-purpose frozen walls in the permafrost conditions, using a simple and low-cost technology, at high reliability and efficiency of the structures is described. The mathematical model of the artificial ice cluster construction by layer-by-layer water fill takes into account the heat exchange with air, the air temperature, the air flow velocity at the pit bottom, the phase transitions in moisture, the freezing temperature, the single layer thickness and the nonstationary thickness of the ice cluster. The ice clustering technology options are calculated depending on the start time of construction, the single layer thickness and the temperature of phase transitions in moisture. It is proved that the layer-by-layer water fill method is capable to create an ice cluster of a wanted thickness in a single cold season. The increase in the thickness of single layer of water fill and the higher salt content of water substantially extend the period of the ice cluster creation. It is emphasized that it is critical to implement freezing-up in due time, starting from the beginning of a cold season (November). A delay can bring deficiency of time for creating an ice cluster of a wanted thickness, which is proved by calculations.
The research was carried out using equipment (instrumentation, facilities, infrastructure, etc.) of the Center for Shared Use of the Yakutsk Science Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Grant No. 13.CKP.21.0016.

1. Khokholov Yu. A., Kurilko A. S., Kiselev V. V., Solovev D. E. Mathematical modeling of artificial ice massif formation by jet freezing at the bottom of mined-out quarry in permafrost zone. Fundamentalnye i prikladnye voprosy gornykh nauk. 2022. Vol. 9, No. 2. pp. 53–60.
2. Bobkov V. A. Ice production and use. Moscow : Pishchevaya promyshlennost, 1977. 231 p.
3. Fayko L. I. The use of ice and icing phenomena in economy. Krasnoyarsk : Izdatelstvo Krasnoyarskogo universiteta, 1986. 156 p.
4. Cherepanin R. N., Nuzhnyi G. A., Razomasov N. A., Goncharova G. Yu., Buznik V. M. et al. Physicomechanical properties of glacial composite materials reinforced by Rusar-S Fibers. Inorganic Materials: Applied Research. 2018. Vol. 9, No. 1. pp. 114–120.
5. Buznik V. M., Goncharova G. Yu., Nuzhnyi G. A., Razomasov N. D., Cherepanin R. N. Influence of reinforcing plant fillers on the strength properties of composite materials with an ice matrix. Inorganic Materials: Applied Research. 2019. Vol. 10, No. 4. pp. 786–793.
6. Syromyatnikova A. S., Bolshakov A. M., Kychkin A. K., Alekseeva A. V. Reinforcement of composities based on fresh ice with natural filers. Inorganic Materials: Applied Research. 2020. Vol. 11, No. 4. pp. 955–957.
7. Syromyatnikova A. S., Sibiryakov M. M. Strengthening of ice for the construction purposes in the Arctic (Review). New Materials and Technologies in the Arctic : V International Conference and Scientific School. Yakutsk : SVFU, 2022. pp. 75–77.
8. Neobutov G. P., Grinev V. G. Mining of ore deposits using the freezing filling in permafrost conditions. Yakutsk : Izdatelstvo YaNTs SO RAN, 1997. 104 p.
9. Malskiy K. S., Borovkov Yu. A., Nikitin A. A., Petrov A. V. Substantiation of frozen backfill parameters for underground mining of noble metals in the Far North. Gornyi Zhurnal. 2019. No. 12. pp. 43–47.
10. Kaimonov M. V., Khokholov Yu. A. Selection of frozen backfill mixture composition. Journal of Mining Science. 2019. Vol. 55, Iss. 5. pp. 857–864.
11. Khokholov Yu. A., Mamonov A. F., Zubkov V. P. Optimization of frozen wall formation in mines. GIAB. 2004. No. 10. pp. 103–107.
12. Bychkovskiy N. N., Guryanov Yu. A. Ice construction sites, roads and crossings. Saratov : Saratovskiy gosudarstvennyi tekhnicheskiy universitet, 2005. 259 p.
13. Vdovin Yu. I., Krasnov Yu. N. Experience of ice dam construction. Glacier Engineering : Collected Papers. Novosibirsk : Nauka, 1986. pp. 174–185.
14. Chzhan R. B., Velikin S. A., Kuznetsov G. I., Kruk N. V. Earth-fill dams in the permafrost zone in Russia. Novosibirsk : Geo, 2019. 427 p.
15. Kubyshkin N. V., Buzin I. V., Golovin N. V., Gudoshnikov Yu. P., Zamarin G. A. et al. Aspects of ice engineering for the aims of construction of the transport infrastructure and reconnaissance drilling in the Arctic. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki. 2018. Vol. 64, No. 4(118). pp. 407–427.
16. Syromyatnikova А. S., Fedorov L. K. Prospects for the application of ice composite materials for the construction of ice crossings. Arktika: ekologiya i ekonomika. 2022. Vol. 12, No. 2. pp. 281–287.
17. Xiaolong Bai, Zemlyak V., Vasilyev A., Kozin V. Stressed-deformed state of ice crossings at the surface reinforcement of composite materials. Journal of Marine Science and Application. 2020. Vol. 19, Iss. 3. pp. 430–435.
18. Tikhonov A. N., Samarskiy A. A. Equations of mathematical physics. 5^th. Moscow : Nauka, 1977. 736 p.
19. Pavlov A. V. Calculation and adjustment of ground frost regime. Novosibirsk : Nauka, 1980. 240 p.
20. Bezlyudova L. V., Belov N. F. Modeling wind flow field in open pit mines. Transactions of the Principal Geophysical Observatory. Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat, 1972. Iss. 294. Air exchange and microclimate in open pit mines. pp. 36–42.
21. Samarskii A. A., Moiseyenko B. D. An economic continuous calculation scheme for the Stefan multidimensional problem. USSR Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics. 1965. Vol. 5, Iss. 5. pp. 43–58.