Siberian Federal University (Krasnoyarsk, Russia)

I. L. Konstantinov, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of Metal Forming Department, ilcon@mail.ru
S. B. Sidelnikov, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of Metal Forming Department, sbs270359@yandex.ru
Yu. V. Baykovskiy, Assistant, Post-Graduate Student of Metal Forming Department, baykovskjy98@gmail.com
V. A. Berngardt, Assistant, Post-Graduate Student of Metal Forming Department, berngardt19@mail.ru
A. I. Bezrukikh, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor Department of Foundry, decibeel@yandex.ru

Simulations using the DEFORM software have shown that during hot rolling of cast billets made of AK7 alloy with a total reduction of more than 36.7%, there is a high probability of cracking, whereas heat-treated specimens can be deformed to the same extent without cracking. These results were confirmed by a physical experiment conducted using the hot rolling method. Studies of the microstructure of wheel blanks produced by low-pressure die casting have shown that heat treatment under the following conditions: heating to 540 °C, holding for 6 hours, and air cooling, leads to a change in shape as well as a reduction in the size of eutectic silicon due to fragmentation and spheroidization, which increases the alloy’s ductility by approximately twofold. Industrial testing showed that when rolling 19-inch wheel rims with a total reduction of 44.1%, the yield of usable parts was 40% for wheels rolled in the as-cast condition, whereas no cracks were observed in the heat-treated blanks after rolling, and the yield of usable parts reached 100%.

The research was carried out within the framework of the state assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation for Siberian Federal University (scientific theme code FSRZ-2020-0013).

1. Ghiotti A., Brun M., Simonetto E., Bruschi S., Muffato G. Insights in Strain and Stress States of Conical Shapes Flow Forming. Procedia Manufacturing. 2020. Vol. 47. pp. 335–341.
2. Cappellini C., Giorleo L., Allegri G., Attanasio A., Ceretti E. A Digital Twin Approach to Automotive Wheel Flow Forming Process. In: Matt D. T., Vidoni R., Rauch E., Dallasega P. (eds) Managing and Implementing the Digital Transformation. ISIEA 2022. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Vol 525. Springer, Cham. pp. 114–126.
3. Doroshenko V. S., Kalyuzhny P. B., Shinsky V. O. Technological Principles of Creating High-Speed Casting Processes in Vacuum-Formed Molds for Rotary-Conveyor Complexes. Casting Processes. 2018. No. 3. pp. 23–34.
4. Zavodov A. V., Oglodkov M. S., Khasiko D. V., Dynin N. V. The Influence of Process Parameters of Selective Laser Melting on the Struc ture of Aluminum Alloy Al – Si – Mg System. Proceedings of VIAM. 2017. Iss. 10. pp. 1–12.
5. Ogorodov D. V., Trapeznikov A. V., Popov D. A., Pentuykhin S. I. The Development of Casting Heat-Resistant Aluminum Alloys (to the 120th Anniversary Since the Birth of I. F. Kolobnev). Proceedings of VIAM. 2017. Iss. 2. pp. 105–112.
6. Doty H. W., Ammar H. R., Samuel A. M., Samuel F. H. Effect of the Casting Process on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Al – Si – Mg and Al – Cu – Mg – Based Alloys. International Journal of Metalcasting. 2026. pp. 317–346.
7. Wang Q. G. Plastic Deformation Behavior of Aluminum Casting Alloys A356/357. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2004. Vol. 35. pp. 2707–2718.
8. Zeren M. Effect of Copper and Silicon Content on Mechanical Properties in Al – Cu – Si – Mg Alloys. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2005. Vol. 169. pp. 292–298.
9. Koryagin Yu. D., Shaburova N. A., Vyatkin G. P., Krainov V. I. Structure and Properties of Cast Alloy AK7 After Thermomechanical Hardening. Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Ser. Metallurgy. 2020. Vol. 20, Iss. 3. pp. 72–80.
10. Nikitin K. V., Nikitin V. I., Timoshkin I. Yu., Biktimirov R. M., Novikov A. P. Hereditary Influence of Deformed Waste on the Efficiency of Al – Si – Mg and Al–Mg Alloy Modification. Izvestiya Vuzov. Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya. 2022. Iss. 3. pp. 38–46.
11. Borisov G. P., Borisov A. G., Tsurkin V. N., Sinchuk A. V., Ivanov A. V., and Tarasenko R. A. Transformation of the Initial Dendritic Structure of the AK7 Alloy under Electrocurrent Exposure in the Solid-Liquid State Temperature Range. Casting Processes. 2012. Iss. 3. pp. 32–41.
12. Zolotorevsky V. S., Belov N. A. Metallurgy of Foundry Aluminum Alloys. Moscow: MISIS, 2005. 375 p.
13. Belov N. A. Phase Composition of Industrial and Promising Aluminum Alloys. Moscow: Izdatelskiy Dom MISIS, 2010. 511 p.
14. Anikin A., Belyaev S., Zhereb V., Anikina V., Gil’manshina T., Semusheva A. The Influence of Heat Treatment With the Liquid Phase on Formation of a Microstructure of Eutectic Al – Si – Alloy. Litiyo i Metallurgiya. 2015. Iss. 1. pp. 52–57.
15. Shlyaptseva A., Petrov I., Ryakhovskiy A. Influence of Various Titanium-Containing Additives on the Modification Efficiency of Aluminum-Silicon Eutectic Alloy. Izvestiya Vuzov. Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya. 2023. Vol. 29. pp. 47–56.
16. Nabawy A. M., Samuel A. M., Alkahtani S. A., Abuhasel K. A., Samuel F. H. Role of cerium, lanthanum, and strontium additions in an Al – Si – Mg (A356) alloy. International Journal of Materials Research. 2016. Vol 107, Iss. 5. pp. 446–458.
17. Ryen Ø., Holmedal B., Nijs O., Nes E., Sjölander E., Hans-Erik E. Strengthening mechanisms in solid solution aluminum alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science. 2006. Vol. 37. pp. 1999–2006.
18. Gao Liang, Wang Qiang, Yang Qin, Liu Wenjun, Jiang Bin, Qin Yongrui, Chen Haoming, Lan Sha. Research on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Evolution of Al – Si Alloy for Automotive Rear Floors Based on Simulation-Assisted Casting. Materials. 2025. Vol. 18, Iss. 9. 2143.
19. Bazhin V. Yu., Tran Duc Hieu, Makushin D. V., Krylov K. A. Influence of Temperature Regime of the Combined Process of Casting and Rolling of Strips from High-Alloy Aluminium Alloys. Non-ferrous Metals. 2024. No. 2. pp. 45–51.
20. Hyeon-Woo Son, Tae-Min Koo, Young-Hee Cho, Jung-Moo Lee. Effect of Mg Content and Cooling Rate After Solidification on the Mechanical Properties of T5-treated Al – Si – Mg Alloy. Korean Journal of Metals and Materials. 2023. Vol. 61. pp. 472–479.
21. Puchkov Yu. A., Fam Kh. F. Influence of Cooling Modes During Quenching on the Structure and Properties of Al – Mg –Si Alloys. Procurement in Mechanical Engineering. 2016. No. 4. pp. 37–42.
22. Marukovich E., Karpenko M. Foundry Alloys and Technologies. Minsk: Belorusskaya nauka. 2012. 442 p.
23. Ganiev I. N., Gulov S. S., Ganieva N. I. Development of a casting aluminum alloy modified with strontium for casting automobile wheels. Izvestiya of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan. Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Chemistry, Geology, and Technical Sciences. 2007. No. 3. pp. 46–54.
24. Nikanorov S. P., Osipov V. N., Timashov R. B., Chikiryaka A. V. Influence of the Rate of Directional Crystallization and Silicon Content on the Structure and Strength of the Al – Si – Cu Alloy. Technical Physics. 2023. Vol. 68. Iss. 4. pp. 517–524.
25. Dolgopolov V. G., Dubrovskii V. A., Simonov M. Iu., Simonov Iu. N., Iurchenko A. N., Shibanova K. A. The Methods of Influence on the Structure and Properties of Aluminum Alloys Used in the Aerospace Industry. Bulletin PNRPU. Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science. 2016. Vol. 18. Iss. 2. pp. 50–63.
26. Pat. RU No. 2011129486 A. C22F 1/00. Ultra-Grain Aluminum Alloys for Electrotechnical Product s and Methods for Producing Thereof (Options). Valiev R. Z., Murashkin M. Yu., Bobruk E. V. Appl. 15.07.2011, Publ. 20.01.2013, Bull. No. 2.
27. Kim Wonhoe, Kim Kibeom, Kim Kwonhoo. Influence of Severe Plastic Deformation and Aging on Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Al-Mg-Si Alloys. Materials. 2024. Vol. 17. 2148.
28. Kaufman J. G. Properties and Selection of Cast Aluminum Alloys. ASM International, 2019. pp. 465–506.
29. Konstantinov I. L., Sidelnikov S. B., B aykovskiy Yu. V., Chukin M. V., Lopatina E. S., Voroshilov D. S., Bundin M. P., Stenin D. S., Yuryev P. O. Rheological Model Design For Deformation Process Of AK7 Alloy. Metallurgist. 2025. Iss. 11. pp. 30–35.