National University of Science and Technology “MISiS” (Moscow, Russia)

V. N. Shinkin, Dr. Phys.-Math., Professor, shinkin-korolev@yandex.ru

Bimetals are composite materials consisting of two or more layers of various metals or alloys connected in an integral way (by welding, rolling, soldering, and so on). Their key advantages are due to the combination of properties of the incoming components. To list the main advantages of bimetals. Optimization of operational properties – the combination of dissimilar materials allows you to “construct” a material with specified characteristics: high strength of the inner layer (for example, steel) and excellent thermal conductivity of the outer layer (for example, aluminium); corrosion-resistant cladding and a durable base; wear resistance of the surface; damping properties of the base. Cost-effectiveness - replacing monolithic expensive material with bimetal (for example, stainless steel and carbon steel) reduces cost while maintaining key properties; saving alloying elements (valuable alloy is applied only to the work surface). Increased corrosion resistance - protective layer of corrosion-resistant metal (stainless steel, titanium, nickel) protects the base from aggressive media, increasing the service life of the product. Improved thermal conductivity - in radiators and heat exchangers, the aluminium or copper outer layer ensures rapid heat dissipation, and the steel inner channel withstands high pressure and corrosion. High strength and wear resistance - the base made of high-strength metal (steel, titanium) can withstand mechanical loads, and the surface layer can be optimized for friction, erosion or abrasive wear. Thermal stability - the combination of materials with different coefficients of thermal expansion makes it possible to create elements resistant to thermal deformations (for example, in thermal compensators). Weight reduction of the structure - the use of light metals (aluminium, magnesium) in the outer layers while maintaining strength due to the steel or titanium base. Processability of processing - the possibility of stamping, bending, welding of bimetallic sheets without loss of joint properties; convenience of mechanical processing (the hard layer is cut off, the soft one is deformed). Aesthetics and protection decorative coating (chrome plating, nickel plating) on a solid base improves the appearance and protects against scratches. Expansion of functionality - in electrical engineering: copper and aluminium to reduce resistance while saving copper; in the tool industry: high-speed steel and structural steel to save expensive alloy; in shipbuilding: corrosion-resistant layer and high-strength base. To list are some examples of the use of bimetals. Heating radiators - the steel provides increased strength and corrosion resistance, and the aluminum provides increased heat transfer. Pipelines carbon steel provides increased load-bearing capacity, and stainless steel provides corrosion protection. Knives and cutting tools solid cutting edge and viscous base. Electrical contacts - copper provides increased conductivity, and tungsten provides increased wear resistance. Thus, bimetals allow combining the best properties of different materials, achieving an optimal balance of strength, corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity and cost. This makes them indispensable in metallurgy, mechanical engineering, energy and other industries. In this paper, the analytical dependence of relative elongations on normal stresses at stretching of a bimetallic beam with a transverse connection of metals is obtained.

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